An opinionated guide to the best Python frameworks, libraries, and tools.

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AI & ML

• AI and Agents
• Deep Learning
• Machine Learning
• Natural Language Processing
• Computer Vision
• Recommender Systems

Web Development

• Web Frameworks
• Web APIs
• Web Servers
• WebSocket
• Template Engines
• Web Asset Management
• Authentication
• Admin Panels
• CMS
• ERP
• Static Site Generators

HTTP & Scraping

• HTTP Clients
• Web Scraping
• Email

Database & Storage

• ORM
• Database Drivers
• Database
• Caching
• Search
• Serialization

Data & Science

• Data Analysis
• Data Ingestion / ETL
• Data Validation
• Data Visualization
• Geolocation
• Science
• Quantum Computing

Developer Tools

• Algorithms and Design Patterns
• Interactive Interpreter
• Code Analysis
• Testing
• Debugging Tools
• Build Tools
• Documentation

DevOps

• DevOps Tools
• Distributed Computing
• Task Queues
• Messaging
• Job Schedulers
• Logging
• Network Virtualization

CLI & GUI

• CLI Development
• CLI Tools
• GUI Development

Text & Documents

• Text Processing
• HTML Manipulation
• File Format Processing
• File Manipulation

Media

• Image Processing
• Audio & Video Processing
• Game Development

Python Language

• Implementations
• Built-in Classes Enhancement
• Functional Programming
• Asynchronous Programming
• Date and Time

Python Toolchain

• Environment Management
• Package Management
• Package Repositories
• Distribution
• Configuration Files

Security

• Cryptography
• Penetration Testing
• Supply Chain Security
• Web Security

Other

• Hardware
• Microsoft Windows
• Miscellaneous

AI & ML

Libraries for building AI applications, LLM integrations, and autonomous agents.

• Agent Skills
  • django-ai-plugins - Django backend agent skills for Django, DRF, Celery, and Django-specific code review.
  • sentry-skills - Agent skills the Sentry team uses for code review, pull requests, and Django reviews.
  • trailofbits-skills - Security skills for vulnerability detection, auditing, and testing.
• Orchestration
  • langchain - A framework for building agents and LLM-powered applications.
  • langgraph - Low-level orchestration framework for building stateful, long-running LLM agents.
  • pydantic-ai - A Python agent framework for building generative AI applications with structured schemas.
  • crewai - A framework for orchestrating role-playing autonomous AI agents for collaborative task solving.
• Vendor Agent SDKs
  • claude-agent-sdk - Anthropic's Python SDK for building AI agents on Claude Code's harness — custom tools, in-process MCP servers, hooks.
  • openai-agents - OpenAI's framework for building and managing AI agents.
  • google-adk - Google's code-first toolkit for building, evaluating, and deploying AI agents.
• Model Context Protocol
  • mcp - The official Python SDK for building Model Context Protocol servers and clients.
  • fastmcp - A high-level, Pythonic framework for building MCP servers and clients.
• Personal Assistants
  • hermes-agent - An adaptive personal AI assistant that grows with you.
  • AstrBot - A multi-platform AI assistant that connects LLMs to chat apps like Telegram, Slack, and QQ, extensible with Python plugins.
• Prompt Optimization
  • dspy - A framework for programming, not prompting, language models.
• Data Layer
  • instructor - A library for extracting structured data from LLMs, powered by Pydantic.
  • llama-index - A toolkit for building RAG pipelines and agents over your data.
  • mem0 - An intelligent memory layer for AI agents enabling personalized interactions.
  • openviking - A context database for AI agents that unifies memory, resources, and skills.
  • semantica - A graph-native context and knowledge layer for AI agents with reasoning, provenance, and governance.
• Pre-trained Models
  • transformers - The model-definition framework for pretrained models in text, computer vision, audio, video, and multimodal tasks, for inference and training.
• LLM Inference and Serving
  • sglang - A high-performance serving framework for large language models and multimodal models.
  • vllm - A high-throughput and memory-efficient inference and serving engine for LLMs.
  • mlx-lm - Run and fine-tune large language models on Apple Silicon with MLX.
• LLM Gateways
  • litellm - Call 100+ LLMs using OpenAI format.
• Image and Video Generation
  • diffusers - A library that provides pre-trained diffusion models for generating and editing images, audio, and video.
• Fine-tuning
  • peft - A library for parameter-efficient fine-tuning of large pretrained models.
  • trl - A library for post-training transformer language models with SFT, DPO, GRPO, and other trainers.
  • unsloth - Faster, lower-memory LLM fine-tuning, as a Python library or a desktop app.
  • axolotl - A framework for fine-tuning and post-training large language models.
• Speech
  • faster-whisper - A Whisper reimplementation on CTranslate2, up to 4 times faster than openai-whisper with less memory.
  • openai-whisper - A general-purpose automatic speech recognition model trained on 680k hours of multilingual and multitask supervised data.
  • gTTS - Python library and CLI tool for converting text to speech using Google Translate TTS.
  • funasr - Industrial-grade speech recognition toolkit with speaker diarization and emotion detection.

Frameworks for Neural Networks and Deep Learning. Also see awesome-deep-learning.

• Frameworks
  • pytorch - Tensors and Dynamic neural networks in Python with strong GPU acceleration.
  • pytorch-lightning - Deep learning framework to train, deploy, and ship AI products Lightning fast.
  • jax - A library for high-performance numerical computing with automatic differentiation and JIT compilation.
  • keras - A high-level deep learning library with support for JAX, TensorFlow, and PyTorch backends.
  • tensorflow - An end-to-end machine learning platform from Google.
• Reinforcement Learning
  • gymnasium - A standard API for reinforcement learning environments with popular reference environments (gym successor).
  • stable-baselines3 - PyTorch implementations of Stable Baselines (deep) reinforcement learning algorithms.

Libraries for Machine Learning. Also see awesome-machine-learning.

• General
  • scikit-learn - The most popular Python library for Machine Learning with extensive documentation and community support.
  • pgmpy - A Python library for causal and probabilistic reasoning with graphical models.
  • feature-engine - sklearn compatible API with the widest toolset for feature engineering and selection.
• Gradient Boosting
  • xgboost - A scalable, portable, and distributed gradient boosting library.
  • lightgbm - A fast, distributed, high performance gradient boosting framework.
  • catboost - A fast, scalable, high performance gradient boosting on decision trees library.
• Time Series Forecasting
  • prophet - A tool for producing forecasts for time series with multiple seasonality and trend changes.
  • statsforecast - Fast statistical forecasting models such as ARIMA, ETS, and Theta, compiled with numba.
  • sktime - A unified scikit-learn-style framework for forecasting and other time-series learning tasks.
  • timesfm - A pretrained foundation model from Google Research for time-series forecasting, with non-commercial default weights.

Libraries for working with human languages.

• General
  • nltk - A leading platform for building Python programs to work with human language data.
  • spacy - A library for industrial-strength natural language processing in Python and Cython.
  • gensim - Topic Modeling for Humans.
  • stanza - The Stanford NLP Group's official Python library, supporting 60+ languages.
• Chinese
  • jieba - The most popular Chinese text segmentation library.
  • pypinyin - Convert Chinese hanzi (漢字) to pinyin (拼音).
  • pangu.py - Paranoid text spacing.

Libraries for image and video analysis, object detection, and OCR.

• General
  • opencv-python - Open Source Computer Vision Library.
  • ultralytics - Ultralytics YOLO for object detection, segmentation, pose estimation, classification, and tracking.
  • kornia - Open Source Differentiable Computer Vision Library for PyTorch.
  • fiftyone - The open-source tool for building high-quality datasets and computer vision models.
• OCR
  • pytesseract - A wrapper for the Tesseract OCR engine.
  • easyocr - Ready-to-use OCR with 80+ languages supported.
  • paddleocr - Multilingual OCR and document parsing toolkit based on PaddlePaddle.

Libraries for building recommender systems.

• annoy - Approximate Nearest Neighbors in C++/Python optimized for memory usage.
• implicit - A fast Python implementation of collaborative filtering for implicit datasets.
• scikit-surprise - A scikit for building and analyzing recommender systems.

Web Development

Traditional full stack web frameworks. Also see Web APIs.

• Synchronous
  • flask - A microframework for Python.
    • awesome-flask
  • django - A high-level web framework that encourages rapid development and clean, pragmatic design.
    • awesome-django
  • bottle - A fast and simple micro-framework distributed as a single file with no dependencies.
  • pyramid - A small, fast, down-to-earth, open source Python web framework.
  • fasthtml - The fastest way to create an HTML app.
• Asynchronous
  • starlette - A lightweight ASGI framework and toolkit for building high-performance async services.
  • tornado - A web framework and asynchronous networking library.
  • litestar - Production-ready, capable and extensible ASGI Web framework.
  • reflex - A framework for building reactive, full-stack web applications entirely with Python.

Libraries for building RESTful, GraphQL, and RPC APIs.

• Django
  • django-rest-framework - A powerful and flexible toolkit to build web APIs.
  • django-ninja - Fast, Django REST framework based on type hints and Pydantic.
  • strawberry-django - Strawberry GraphQL integration with Django.
  • django-modern-rest - Modern REST with speed, types, async, msgspec, pydantic and other goodies!
• Flask
  • flask-restx - Fully featured framework for fast, easy and documented API development with Flask.
  • flask-smorest - A Flask/Marshmallow-based REST API framework with automatic OpenAPI documentation.
  • apiflask - A lightweight Python web API framework based on Flask, supporting marshmallow schemas and Pydantic models.
• Framework Agnostic
  • fastapi - A modern, fast, web framework for building APIs with standard Python type hints.
  • strawberry - A GraphQL library that leverages Python type annotations for schema definition.
  • connexion - A spec-first framework that automatically handles requests based on your OpenAPI specification.
• RPC
  • grpcio - HTTP/2-based RPC framework with Python bindings, built by Google.

ASGI and WSGI compatible web servers.

• ASGI
  • uvicorn - A lightning-fast ASGI server implementation.
  • granian - A Rust HTTP server for Python applications built on top of Hyper and Tokio, supporting WSGI/ASGI/RSGI.
  • hypercorn - An ASGI and WSGI Server based on Hyper libraries and inspired by Gunicorn.
• WSGI
  • gunicorn - A pre-fork WSGI server with a native ASGI worker, ported from Ruby's Unicorn project.
  • waitress - Multi-threaded, powers Pyramid.

Libraries for working with WebSocket.

• websockets - A library for building WebSocket servers and clients with a focus on correctness and simplicity.
• channels - Brings WebSocket, long-poll HTTP, and other async support to Django.
• flask-socketio - Socket.IO integration for Flask applications.
• autobahn-python - WebSocket & WAMP for Python on Twisted and asyncio.

Libraries for rendering text and HTML from templates.

• jinja - A modern and designer friendly templating language.
• mako - Hyperfast and lightweight templating for the Python platform.

Tools for managing, storing, compressing and minifying website assets.

• whitenoise - Radically simplified static file serving for WSGI applications, with compression and caching headers.
• django-storages - A collection of custom storage back ends for Django.
• django-compressor - Compresses linked and inline JavaScript or CSS into a single cached file.

Libraries for implementing authentication schemes.

• OAuth
  • oauthlib - A generic and thorough implementation of the OAuth request-signing logic.
  • authlib - A comprehensive library for building OAuth, OpenID Connect, and JWT/JWS/JWE/JWK/JWA.
  • django-allauth - Authentication app for Django that "just works."
  • django-oauth-toolkit - An OAuth 2.0 authorization server for Django.
• JWT
  • pyjwt - JSON Web Token implementation in Python.
• Permissions
  • django-guardian - Implementation of per-object permissions for Django.
  • django-rules - A tiny but powerful app providing object-level permissions to Django, without requiring a database.

Libraries for administrative interfaces.

• flask-admin - Simple and extensible administrative interface framework for Flask.
• django-unfold - A modern Django admin theme for building dashboards, internal tools, and business applications.
• sqladmin - An admin interface for SQLAlchemy models in FastAPI and Starlette.
• django-grappelli - A jazzy skin for the Django Admin-Interface.

Content Management Systems.

• wagtail - A Django content management system.
• django-cms - The easy-to-use and developer-friendly enterprise CMS powered by Django.

Enterprise resource planning frameworks.

• odoo - A suite of open source business apps: CRM, e-commerce, accounting, inventory, and thousands of community modules.

Static site generator is a software that takes some text + templates as input and produces HTML files on the output.

• pelican - Static site generator that supports Markdown and reST syntax.
• nikola - A static website and blog generator.

HTTP & Scraping

Libraries for working with HTTP.

• General
  • requests - HTTP Requests for Humans.
  • aiohttp - Asynchronous HTTP client/server framework for asyncio and Python.
  • httpx2 - HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 client with sync and async APIs, maintained by Pydantic (httpx fork).
  • urllib3 - An HTTP library with thread-safe connection pooling, file post, and more.
  • httpx - A next generation HTTP client for Python.
• URL Manipulation
  • yarl - Yet another URL library.

Libraries to automate web scraping and extract web content.

• Frameworks
  • browser-use - Make websites accessible for AI agents with easy browser automation.
  • scrapy - A fast high-level web crawling and scraping framework.
  • crawl4ai - An open-source, LLM-friendly web crawler that provides lightning-fast, structured data extraction specifically designed for AI agents.
  • stagehand - A fast and token-efficient browser automation SDK to extract data and perform self-healing actions on web pages.
  • jev-ultrafast - A fast browser agent that picks actions from an indexed table of page elements through TypeSafe's hosted Jev API, using a small LLM only to type text.
• Content Extraction
  • markdownify - Convert HTML to Markdown, with customizable tag handling.
  • feedparser - Universal feed parser.
  • trafilatura - A tool for gathering text and metadata from the web, with built-in content filtering.

Libraries for sending email.

• aiosmtplib - An asyncio SMTP client.
• django-anymail - Django email backends and webhooks for transactional email services such as Amazon SES, Brevo, Mailgun, Postmark, and Resend.
• yagmail - Yet another Gmail/SMTP client.

Database & Storage

Libraries that implement Object-Relational Mapping or data mapping techniques.

• Relational Databases
  • sqlalchemy - The Python SQL Toolkit and Object Relational Mapper.
    • awesome-sqlalchemy
  • django.db.models - (part of Django) The Django ORM.
  • peewee - A small, expressive ORM.
  • sqlmodel - SQLModel is based on Python type annotations, and powered by Pydantic and SQLAlchemy.
• NoSQL Databases
  • pynamodb - A Pythonic interface for Amazon DynamoDB.
  • mongoengine - A Python Object-Document-Mapper for working with MongoDB.
  • beanie - An asynchronous Python object-document mapper (ODM) for MongoDB.
  • django-mongodb-backend - Official MongoDB database backend for Django.

Libraries for connecting and operating databases.

• MySQL - awesome-mysql
  • pymysql - A pure-Python MySQL and MariaDB client library, based on PEP 249.
  • mysqlclient - MySQL and MariaDB connector (MySQLdb1 fork).
• PostgreSQL - awesome-postgres
  • psycopg - A PostgreSQL adapter for Python, the successor to psycopg2.
  • asyncpg - A fast PostgreSQL Database Client Library for Python/asyncio.
• SQLite - awesome-sqlite
  • sqlite3 - (Python standard library) SQLite interface compliant with DB-API 2.0.
  • sqlite-utils - Python CLI utility and library for manipulating SQLite databases.
• ClickHouse
  • clickhouse-connect - The official ClickHouse client, with SQLAlchemy and Superset connectors.
  • clickhouse-driver - Python driver with native interface for ClickHouse.
• Other Relational Databases
  • pyodbc - An ODBC bridge for connecting to SQL Server and any other ODBC-accessible database.
  • oracledb - The official Python driver for Oracle Database, successor to cx_Oracle.
  • mssql-python - Official Microsoft driver for SQL Server and Azure SQL, built on ODBC for high performance.
• NoSQL Databases
  • redis - The Python client for Redis.
  • pymongo - The official Python client for MongoDB.
  • cassandra-driver - The Python Driver for Apache Cassandra.

In-process databases usable directly from Python.

• Analytical
  • duckdb - An in-process SQL OLAP database management system; optimized for analytics and fast queries, similar to SQLite but for analytical workloads.
  • chdb - In-process OLAP SQL engine with the full ClickHouse dialect, zero-copy pandas/Arrow interop, and federation to remote ClickHouse clusters via remoteSecure().
• Vector
  • lancedb - A developer-friendly embedded retrieval database for multimodal AI.
  • chromadb - An open-source embedding database for building AI applications with embeddings and semantic search.
  • zvec - A lightweight, in-process vector database that embeds directly into applications.
• Key-Value & Document
  • tinydb - A tiny, document-oriented database.

Libraries for caching data.

• cachetools - Extensible memoizing collections and decorators.
• diskcache - SQLite and file backed cache backend, compatible with Django.
• hishel - RFC 9111 compliant HTTP caching for clients like httpx and requests and servers like FastAPI, with sync and async support.
• django-cacheops - A slick ORM cache with automatic granular event-driven invalidation.
• dogpile.cache - dogpile.cache is a next generation replacement for Beaker made by the same authors.

Libraries and software for indexing and performing search queries on data.

• opensearch-py - The official low-level Python client for OpenSearch.
• elasticsearch - The official low-level Python client for Elasticsearch.
• meilisearch - The official Python client for the Meilisearch search engine.
• django-haystack - Modular search for Django.

Libraries for serializing complex data types.

• msgpack - MessagePack serializer implementation for Python.
• orjson - Fast, correct JSON library.
• marshmallow - A lightweight library for converting complex objects to and from simple Python datatypes.
• msgspec - A fast serialization and validation library with built-in support for JSON, MessagePack, YAML, and TOML.

Data & Science

Libraries for data analysis.

• pandas - A library providing high-performance, easy-to-use data structures and data analysis tools.
• polars - A fast DataFrame library implemented in Rust with a Python API.
• ibis-framework - A portable Python dataframe library with a single API for 20+ backends.

Libraries for data extraction, transformation, and loading pipelines across multiple sources and destinations.

• General
  • awswrangler - Pandas integration with AWS services like Athena, Glue, Redshift, S3, and DynamoDB.
  • dlt - A Python library for building data pipelines with automatic schema inference, incremental loading, and support for multiple sources and destinations.
• Financial Data
  • yfinance - Easy Pythonic way to download market and financial data from Yahoo Finance.
  • akshare - A financial data interface library, with data provided for academic research only.
  • edgartools - Library for downloading structured data from SEC EDGAR filings and XBRL financial statements.
  • openbb - A financial data platform for analysts, quants and AI agents.

Libraries for validating data.

• pydantic - Data validation using Python type hints.
• jsonschema - An implementation of JSON Schema for Python.
• great-expectations - A data quality framework for validating, documenting, and profiling data with declarative expectations.
• pandera - A data validation library for dataframes, with support for pandas, polars, PySpark, and more.

Libraries for visualizing data. Also see awesome-javascript.

• Plotting
  • matplotlib - A comprehensive library for creating static, animated, and interactive visualizations.
  • plotly - Interactive graphing library for Python.
  • seaborn - Statistical data visualization using Matplotlib.
  • altair - Declarative statistical visualization library for Python.
  • bokeh - Interactive Web Plotting for Python.
• Specialized
  • graphviz - Simple Python interface for creating and rendering Graphviz graphs.
  • cartopy - A cartographic python library with matplotlib support.
  • graphify - Turn any folder of code, SQL schemas, docs, papers, images, or videos into a queryable knowledge graph.
• Dashboards and Apps
  • streamlit - A framework which lets you build dashboards, generate reports, or create chat apps in minutes.
  • dash - A framework for building data apps and dashboards in pure Python, built on Plotly.
  • gradio - Build and share machine learning apps, all in Python.

Libraries for geocoding addresses and working with latitudes and longitudes.

• geopandas - Python tools for geographic data (GeoSeries/GeoDataFrame) built on pandas.
• geopy - Python Geocoding Toolbox.
• geojson - Python bindings and utilities for GeoJSON.
• geodjango - (part of Django) A world-class geographic web framework.

Libraries for scientific computing. Also see Python-for-Scientists.

• Core
  • numpy - A fundamental package for scientific computing with Python.
  • scipy - Fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python.
  • numba - A NumPy-aware JIT compiler for Python, using LLVM.
• Symbolic Mathematics
  • sympy - A Python library for symbolic mathematics.
• Statistics
  • statsmodels - Statistical modeling and econometrics in Python.
• Biology and Chemistry
  • rdkit - Cheminformatics and Machine Learning Software.
  • biopython - Biopython is a set of freely available tools for biological computation.
• Physics and Engineering
  • pint - Operate and manipulate physical quantities with units and dimensional analysis.
  • astropy - A community Python library for Astronomy.
  • obspy - A Python toolbox for seismology.
• Simulation and Modeling
  • pymc - Probabilistic programming and Bayesian modeling in Python.
  • simpy - A process-based discrete-event simulation framework.
  • mesa - An agent-based modeling framework for building, analyzing, and visualizing complex system simulations.
• Graphs and Networks
  • networkx - A high-productivity software for complex networks.
• Computational Geometry
  • shapely - Manipulation and analysis of geometric objects in the Cartesian plane.
• Other
  • colour-science - Implementing a comprehensive number of colour theory transformations and algorithms.
  • manim - An animation engine for explanatory math videos.

Libraries for quantum computing.

• qiskit - An IBM-backed quantum SDK for building, simulating, and running circuits on real quantum hardware.
• qutip - Quantum Toolbox in Python.
• pennylane - A cross-platform library for quantum computing, quantum machine learning, and quantum chemistry.
• cirq - A Google-developed framework focused on hardware-aware quantum circuit design for NISQ devices.

Developer Tools

Python implementation of data structures, algorithms and design patterns. Also see awesome-algorithms.

• Algorithms
  • sortedcontainers - Fast and pure-Python implementation of sorted collections.
  • algorithms - Minimal examples of data structures and algorithms.
  • thealgorithms - All Algorithms implemented in Python.
• Design Patterns
  • python-patterns - A collection of design patterns and idioms in Python.
  • python-statemachine - Expressive statecharts and finite state machines with a declarative API, in sync and async codebases.

Interactive Python interpreters (REPL).

• ipython - A powerful interactive Python shell, and the kernel behind Jupyter notebooks.
• notebook - A web-based notebook environment for interactive computing.
  • awesome-jupyter
• marimo - A reactive notebook for Python, stored as pure Python and runnable as a script or app.
• ptpython - Advanced Python REPL built on top of the python-prompt-toolkit.

Tools of static analysis, linters and code quality checkers. Also see awesome-static-analysis.

• General
  • import-linter - A linter that enforces architectural constraints on imports between Python modules.
  • vulture - A tool for finding and analyzing dead Python code.
  • complexipy - Cognitive complexity analysis for Python code, written in Rust.
  • prospector - A tool to analyze Python code.
• Git Hooks
  • pre-commit - A framework for managing and maintaining multi-language pre-commit hooks.
• Linters and Formatters
  • ruff - An extremely fast Python linter and code formatter.
  • black - The uncompromising Python code formatter.
  • isort - A Python utility / library to sort imports.
  • pylint - A fully customizable source code analyzer.
  • flake8 - A wrapper around pycodestyle, pyflakes and McCabe.
    • awesome-flake8-extensions
  • bandit - A tool designed to find common security issues in Python code.
• Refactoring
  • rope - Rope is a python refactoring library.
• Type Checkers - awesome-python-typing
  • mypy - A static type checker for Python.
  • ty - An extremely fast Python type checker and language server.
  • pyright - Full-featured static type checker for Python from Microsoft, the engine behind Pylance.
  • pyrefly - A fast type checker and language server for Python.

Libraries for testing codebases and generating test data. Also see awesome-python-testing.

• Frameworks
  • pytest - A mature full-featured Python testing tool.
    • awesome-pytest
  • hypothesis - Hypothesis is an advanced Quickcheck style property based testing library.
  • robotframework - A generic test automation framework.
• Test Runners
  • tox - Auto builds and tests distributions in multiple Python versions.
  • nox - Flexible test automation for Python.
• Browser Automation
  • playwright-python - Python version of the Playwright testing and automation library.
  • selenium - Python bindings for Selenium WebDriver.
  • seleniumbase - Python framework for web automation & testing, with stealth options.
• Load Testing
  • locust - Scalable user load testing tool written in Python.
• API Testing
  • schemathesis - A tool for automatic property-based testing of web APIs from OpenAPI or GraphQL schemas.
• Mock
  • unittest.mock - (Python standard library) A mocking and patching library.
  • responses - A utility library for mocking out the requests Python library.
  • vcrpy - Record and replay HTTP interactions on your tests.
  • respx - Mock HTTPX with awesome request patterns and response side effects.
  • time-machine - Travel through time in your tests by mocking the current time at the C level.
• Object Factories
  • factory-boy - A test fixtures replacement for Python.
  • polyfactory - A mock data generation library based on type hints (continuation of pydantic-factories).
• Code Coverage
  • coverage - Code coverage measurement.
• Fake Data
  • faker - A Python package that generates fake data.
  • mimesis - A Python library for generating fake but realistic data in multiple languages and locales.

Libraries for debugging code.

• pdb-like Debugger
  • ipdb - IPython-enabled pdb.
  • pudb - A full-screen, console-based Python debugger.
• Tracing
  • viztracer - A low-overhead tool that traces and visualizes Python code execution.
• Profiler
  • py-spy - A sampling profiler for Python programs. Written in Rust.
  • memray - A memory profiler that tracks allocations in Python code, native extensions, and the interpreter itself.
  • pyinstrument - A statistical wall-clock profiler with low overhead and readable call-tree output.
  • scalene - A high-performance, high-precision CPU, GPU, and memory profiler for Python.
• Others
  • django-debug-toolbar - Display various debug information for Django.
  • icecream - Inspect variables, expressions, and program execution with a single, simple function call.
  • flask-debugtoolbar - A port of the django-debug-toolbar to flask.

Task runners and software build tools. If you're looking for Python packaging/build tools, see Package Management.

• invoke - A tool for managing shell-oriented subprocesses and organizing executable Python code into CLI-invokable tasks.
• poethepoet - A task runner that defines tasks in pyproject.toml and works with poetry or uv.
• scons - A software construction tool.
• doit - A task runner and build tool.

Libraries for generating project documentation.

• sphinx - Python Documentation generator.
  • awesome-sphinxdoc
• mkdocs-material - A documentation framework and Material Design theme built on MkDocs.
• diagrams - Diagram as Code.
• pdoc - Auto-generates API documentation for Python projects.
• zensical - A modern static site generator for technical documentation.

DevOps

Software and libraries for DevOps.

• Cloud Providers
  • boto3 - Python interface to Amazon Web Services.
  • awscli - Universal Command Line Interface for Amazon Web Services; the PyPI package is v1, in maintenance mode, while v2 ships as AWS's bundled installer.
  • azure-sdk-for-python - Microsoft Azure SDK for Python, published as per-service packages.
  • google-cloud-python - Google Cloud client libraries for Python, published as per-service packages.
• Configuration Management
  • ansible - A radically simple IT automation platform.
  • cloud-init - A multi-distribution package that handles early initialization of a cloud instance.
  • pyinfra - Turns Python code into shell commands and runs them on your servers.
  • salt - Infrastructure automation and management system.
• Deployment
  • fabric - A simple, Pythonic tool for remote execution and deployment.
  • chalice - A Python serverless microframework for AWS.
• Monitoring and Processes
  • psutil - A cross-platform process and system utilities module.
  • sentry-sdk - Sentry SDK for Python.
  • supervisor - Supervisor process control system for UNIX.
  • flower - A real-time monitor and web admin for Celery task queues.
  • sh - A full-fledged subprocess replacement for Python.
• Other
  • borgbackup - A deduplicating archiver with compression and encryption.

Frameworks and libraries for Distributed Computing.

• pyspark - Apache Spark Python API.
• dask - A flexible parallel computing library for analytic computing.
• ray - A unified framework for scaling AI and Python applications.
• joblib - Parallel computing and disk-based caching for Python functions.
• mpi4py - Python bindings for MPI.

Libraries for working with task queues.

• celery - An asynchronous task queue/job queue based on distributed message passing.
• rq - Simple job queues for Python.
• dramatiq - A fast and reliable background task processing library for Python 3.
• huey - A little task queue with multi-process, multi-thread, or greenlet workers.
• taskiq - Distributed task queue with native asyncio support and pluggable brokers.

Libraries for working with message brokers and event streaming.

• confluent-kafka - Confluent's Python client for Apache Kafka, built on librdkafka.
• pika - Pure-Python RabbitMQ/AMQP 0-9-1 client library.
• paho-mqtt - The Eclipse Paho MQTT client for Python.
• faststream - A framework for building asynchronous services over Apache Kafka, RabbitMQ, NATS, MQTT and Redis.

Libraries for scheduling jobs.

• Task Scheduling
  • apscheduler - A light but powerful in-process task scheduler that lets you schedule functions.
  • schedule - Python job scheduling for humans.
• Workflow Orchestration
  • dagster - An orchestration platform for the development, production, and observation of data assets.
  • apache-airflow - Airflow is a platform to programmatically author, schedule and monitor workflows.
  • prefect - A modern workflow orchestration framework that makes it easy to build, schedule and monitor robust data pipelines.

Libraries for generating and working with logs.

• logging - (Python standard library) Logging facility for Python.
• structlog - Structured logging made easy.
• loguru - Library which aims to bring enjoyable logging in Python.
• logfire - The observability platform for Python, from the makers of Pydantic.

Tools and libraries for packet manipulation and network device automation.

• scapy - A brilliant packet manipulation library.
• netmiko - Multi-vendor library to simplify CLI connections to network devices.
• napalm - Cross-vendor API to manipulate network devices.

CLI & GUI

Libraries for building command-line applications.

• General
  • argparse - (Python standard library) Command-line option and argument parsing.
  • click - A package for creating beautiful command line interfaces in a composable way.
  • typer - Modern CLI framework that uses Python type hints. Built on Click.
  • prompt_toolkit - A library for building powerful interactive command lines.
  • fire - A library for creating command line interfaces from absolutely any Python object.
• Terminal Rendering
  • rich - Python library for rich text and beautiful formatting in the terminal. Also provides a great RichHandler log handler.
  • tqdm - Fast, extensible progress bar for loops and CLI.
  • colorama - Cross-platform colored terminal text.
  • alive-progress - A new kind of Progress Bar, with real-time throughput, eta and very cool animations.
• TUI Frameworks
  • textual - A framework for building interactive user interfaces that run in the terminal and the browser.
  • urwid - A library for creating terminal GUI applications with strong support for widgets, events, rich colors, etc.
  • asciimatics - A package to create full-screen text UIs (from interactive forms to ASCII animations).

Useful CLI-based tools.

• Database CLIs
  • pgcli - PostgreSQL CLI with autocompletion and syntax highlighting.
  • mycli - MySQL CLI with autocompletion and syntax highlighting.
  • litecli - SQLite CLI with autocompletion and syntax highlighting.
  • iredis - Redis CLI with autocompletion and syntax highlighting.
• Downloaders
  • yt-dlp - A command-line program to download videos from YouTube and other video sites, a fork of youtube-dl.
• HTTP Clients
  • httpie - A command line HTTP client, a user-friendly cURL replacement.
• Project Scaffolding
  • cookiecutter - A command-line utility that creates projects from cookiecutters (project templates).
  • copier - A library and command-line utility for rendering project templates.
• Shells
  • xonsh - A Python-powered shell. Full-featured and cross-platform.
• Terminal Workflow
  • tmuxp - A tmux session manager.

Libraries for working with graphical user interface applications.

• Desktop
  • PyGObject - Python Bindings for GLib/GObject/GIO/GTK.
  • dearpygui - A simple GPU-accelerated Python GUI framework.
  • Kivy - An open-source framework for cross-platform GUI apps on desktop, mobile, and embedded platforms.
  • wxPython - A cross-platform GUI toolkit that wraps the wxWidgets C++ library.
  • toga - A Python native, OS native GUI toolkit.
• Qt
  • PySide6 - Qt for Python offers the official Python bindings for Qt, largely API-compatible with PyQt6 but with different licensing.
  • PyQt6 - Python bindings for the Qt cross-platform application and UI framework.
• Tkinter
  • tkinter - (Python standard library) The standard Python interface to the Tcl/Tk GUI toolkit.
  • customtkinter - A modern and customizable python UI-library based on Tkinter.
• Web-based
  • pywebview - A lightweight cross-platform native wrapper around a webview component.
  • nicegui - An easy-to-use, Python-based UI framework, which shows up in your web browser.
  • flet - Cross-platform GUI framework for building modern apps in pure Python.

Text & Documents

Libraries for parsing and manipulating plain texts.

• Encoding and Unicode
  • charset-normalizer - Universal character encoding detector, and a dependency of requests.
  • chardet - Python character encoding detector.
  • ftfy - Makes Unicode text less broken and more consistent automagically.
• Fuzzy Matching
  • rapidfuzz - Rapid fuzzy string matching using various string metrics, with a C++ core.
• General
  • difflib - (Python standard library) Helpers for computing deltas.
  • pyfiglet - An implementation of figlet written in Python.
• Internationalization
  • babel - An internationalization library for Python.
• Parser
  • pygments - A generic syntax highlighter.
  • pyparsing - A Python library for creating PEG parsers.
  • sqlparse - A non-validating SQL parser.
  • phonenumbers - Parsing, formatting, storing and validating international phone numbers.
  • parsy - Easy, generic parser combinator library for creating parsers.
• Transliteration and Slugs
  • python-slugify - A Python slugify library that translates unicode to ASCII.
  • unidecode - ASCII transliterations of Unicode text.
• Unique identifiers
  • shortuuid - A generator library for concise, unambiguous and URL-safe UUIDs.

Libraries for working with HTML and XML.

• lxml - A very fast, easy-to-use and versatile library for handling HTML and XML.
• beautifulsoup4 - Providing Pythonic idioms for iterating, searching, and modifying HTML or XML.
• xmltodict - Working with XML feel like you are working with JSON.
• markupsafe - Safely adds untrusted strings to HTML/XML markup.
• justhtml - A pure Python HTML5 parser that sanitizes untrusted HTML by default.

Libraries for parsing and manipulating specific file formats.

• General
  • pyelftools - Parsing and analyzing ELF files and DWARF debugging information.
  • tablib - A module for Tabular Datasets in XLS, CSV, JSON, YAML.
• File Conversion
  • markitdown - Python tool for converting files and office documents to Markdown.
  • docling - Library for converting documents into structured data.
• Excel
  • openpyxl - A library for reading and writing Excel 2010 xlsx/xlsm/xltx/xltm files.
  • xlsxwriter - A Python module for creating Excel .xlsx files.
• Word
  • python-docx - Creates, reads, and updates Microsoft Word (.docx) files.
• PowerPoint
  • python-pptx - Python library for creating and updating PowerPoint (.pptx) files.
• PDF
  • pypdf - A library capable of splitting, merging, cropping, and transforming PDF pages.
  • pymupdf - A fast library for extracting, rendering, and editing PDF and other document formats, built on MuPDF.
  • reportlab - An open-source library for generating PDFs and graphics.
  • pdfminer.six - A community-maintained fork of PDFMiner for extracting information from PDF documents.
• HTML-to-PDF
  • weasyprint - A visual rendering engine for HTML and CSS that can export to PDF.
• Markdown
  • markdown-it-py - Markdown parser with 100% CommonMark support, extensions, and syntax plugins.
  • markdown - A Python implementation of John Gruber’s Markdown.
  • mistune - A fast yet powerful Python Markdown parser with renderers and plugins.
• Data Formats
  • tomllib - (Python standard library) Parse TOML files.
  • pyyaml - A full-featured YAML framework for Python.

Libraries for file manipulation.

• mimetypes - (Python standard library) Map filenames to MIME types.
• pathlib - (Python standard library) A cross-platform, object-oriented path library.
• watchfiles - Simple, modern and fast file watching and code reload in python.
• watchdog - API and shell utilities to monitor file system events.
• python-magic - A Python interface to the libmagic file type identification library.

Media

Libraries for manipulating images.

• Barcodes and QR Codes
  • qrcode - A pure Python QR Code generator.
  • python-barcode - Create barcodes in Python with no extra dependencies.
• General
  • pillow - Pillow is the friendly PIL fork.
  • scikit-image - A Python library for (scientific) image processing.
  • rembg - A tool to remove image backgrounds.
  • wand - Python bindings for MagickWand, C API for ImageMagick.
  • pyvips - A binding for libvips, a fast image processing library with low memory needs.
• Image Serving
  • thumbor - A smart imaging service. It enables on-demand crop, re-sizing and flipping of images.

Libraries for manipulating audio, video, and their metadata.

• Audio
  • soundfile - An audio library for reading and writing sound files, based on libsndfile, CFFI, and NumPy.
  • librosa - Python library for audio and music analysis.
  • pydub - Manipulate audio with a simple and easy high level interface.
• Video
  • av - Pythonic bindings for FFmpeg's libraries.
  • moviepy - A module for script-based movie editing with many formats, including animated GIFs.
• Metadata
  • mutagen - A Python module to handle audio metadata.
  • tinytag - A library for reading audio file metadata of MP3, MP4, WAV, OGG, FLAC, WMA, and AIFF files.
  • beets - A music library manager and MusicBrainz tagger.

Awesome game development libraries.

• 3D Engines
  • panda3d - 3D game engine developed jointly by Disney and contributors from around the world.
• Game Frameworks
  • pyglet - A cross-platform windowing and multimedia library for Python.
  • pygame-ce - An actively developed drop-in replacement with new features and performance improvements (pygame fork).
  • pygame - Pygame is a set of Python modules designed for writing games.
  • arcade - An easy-to-use library for creating 2D arcade games.
• Visual Novels
  • renpy - A Visual Novel engine.

Python Language

Implementations of Python.

• cpython - Default, most widely used implementation of the Python programming language written in C.
• micropython - A lean and efficient Python implementation for microcontrollers and constrained systems.
• pypy - A very fast and compliant implementation of the Python language.
• Cython - Optimizing Static Compiler for Python.
• pyodide - Python distribution for the browser and Node.js based on WebAssembly.

Libraries for enhancing Python built-in classes.

• attrs - Replacement for __init__, __eq__, __repr__, etc. boilerplate in class definitions.
• bidict - Efficient, Pythonic bidirectional map data structures and related functionality.
• uuid-utils - A fast, Rust-backed drop-in replacement for Python's built-in uuid module.
• python-box - Python dictionaries with advanced dot notation access.

Functional Programming with Python.

• functools - (Python standard library) Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects.
• more-itertools - More routines for operating on iterables, beyond itertools.
• toolz - A collection of functional utilities for iterators, functions, and dictionaries. Also available as cytoolz for Cython-accelerated performance.
• funcy - A fancy and practical functional tools.
• returns - A set of type-safe monads, transformers, and composition utilities.

Libraries for asynchronous, concurrent and parallel execution. Also see awesome-asyncio.

• Async I/O
  • asyncio - (Python standard library) Asynchronous I/O, event loop, coroutines and tasks.
    • awesome-asyncio
  • anyio - A high-level async concurrency and networking framework that works on top of asyncio or trio.
  • uvloop - Ultra fast asyncio event loop.
  • trio - A friendly library for async concurrency and I/O.
  • gevent - A coroutine-based Python networking library that uses greenlet.
  • Twisted - An event-driven networking engine.
• Parallelism
  • concurrent.futures - (Python standard library) A high-level interface for asynchronously executing callables.
  • multiprocessing - (Python standard library) Process-based parallelism.

Libraries for working with dates and times.

• zoneinfo - (Python standard library) IANA time zone support. Brings the tz database into Python.
• python-dateutil - Extensions to the standard Python datetime module.
• dateparser - A Python parser for human-readable dates in over 200 language locales.
• pendulum - Python datetimes made easy.
• whenever - A modern datetime library, type-safe and DST-safe, in Rust or pure Python.

Python Toolchain

Libraries for Python version and virtual environment management.

• virtualenv - A tool to create isolated Python environments.
• uv - An extremely fast Python version, package and project manager, written in Rust.
• pyenv - Simple Python version management.

Libraries for package and dependency management.

• Package Managers
  • pip - The package installer for Python.
  • uv - An extremely fast Python version, package and project manager, written in Rust.
  • poetry - Python dependency management and packaging made easy.
  • hatch - Modern, extensible Python project manager for environments, builds, and publishing.
  • pipx - Install and Run Python Applications in Isolated Environments. Like npx in Node.js.
  • conda - Cross-platform, Python-agnostic binary package manager.
• Build Backends
  • setuptools - The historical and still most widely used pyproject build backend.
  • hatchling - Modern, extensible build backend from the hatch project.
  • poetry-core - Poetry's PEP 517 build backend, usable without Poetry itself.
  • uv-build - uv's fast, minimal build backend for pure-Python projects.

Local PyPI repository servers, proxies, and mirrors.

• pypiserver - A minimal PyPI server for uploading and installing packages with pip.
• devpi - PyPI server and packaging/testing/release tool.
• bandersnatch - PyPI mirroring tool provided by Python Packaging Authority (PyPA).

Libraries to create packaged executables for release distribution.

• Executables
  • pyinstaller - Converts Python programs into stand-alone executables (cross-platform).
  • Nuitka - Compiles Python programs into high-performance standalone executables (cross-platform).
  • pex - A tool for building self-contained Python executable environments (PEP 441 zipapps).
  • cx-Freeze - Converts Python scripts into standalone executables and installers for Windows, macOS, and Linux.
• Obfuscation
  • pyarmor - A tool used to obfuscate python scripts, bind obfuscated scripts to fixed machine or expire obfuscated scripts.

Libraries for storing and parsing configuration options.

• configparser - (Python standard library) INI file parser.
• python-dotenv - Reads key-value pairs from a .env file and sets them as environment variables.
• pydantic-settings - Settings management using Pydantic models with validation, loading from environment variables and secrets files.
• hydra-core - Hydra is a framework for elegantly configuring complex applications.
• dynaconf - Dynaconf is a configuration manager with plugins for Django and Flask.

Security

Libraries for cryptographic primitives and secure protocols.

• cryptography - A package designed to expose cryptographic primitives and recipes to Python developers.
• pynacl - Python binding to libsodium, a fork of the Networking and Cryptography (NaCl) library.
• paramiko - The leading native Python SSHv2 protocol library.
• itsdangerous - Safely pass trusted data to untrusted environments and back.

Frameworks and tools for penetration testing.

• mitmproxy - An interactive TLS-capable intercepting HTTP proxy for penetration testers and software developers.
• impacket - A collection of Python classes for working with network protocols, widely used for Windows and Active Directory testing.
• sqlmap - Automatic SQL injection and database takeover tool.
• pwntools - A CTF framework and exploit development library.
• sherlock-project - Hunt down social media accounts by username across social networks.

Tools for auditing dependencies against known vulnerabilities.

• pip-audit - Audits Python environments and dependency trees for known vulnerabilities, using the Python Packaging Advisory Database or OSV.
• uv-audit - (part of uv) uv's dependency vulnerability scanning backed by OSV.

Libraries for application-layer web security.

• nh3 - Python binding to the ammonia HTML sanitizer, a fast replacement for bleach.
• secure - HTTP security headers for Python web applications with ASGI and WSGI middleware.

Other

Libraries for programming with hardware.

• pyserial - Python serial port access library for Windows, macOS, Linux, and BSD.
• pynput - A library to control and monitor input devices.
• bleak - A cross platform Bluetooth Low Energy Client for Python using asyncio.
• jumpstarter - A hardware-in-the-loop testing framework with a Python client library for automated testing on real and virtual hardware.

Python programming on Microsoft Windows.

• pywin32 - Python Extensions for Windows.
• pythonnet - Python Integration with the .NET Common Language Runtime (CLR).
• pyenv-win - A Python version manager for Windows (rbenv-win fork).
• winpython - Portable Python distribution for Windows.

Useful libraries or tools that don't fit in the categories above.

• blinker - A fast Python in-process signal/event dispatching system.
• boltons - A set of pure-Python utilities.

Where to discover learning resources or new Python libraries.

• Awesome Python Newsletter
• Pycoder's Weekly
• Python Tricks
• Python Weekly

• Django Chat
• PyPodcats
• Python Bytes
• Talk Python To Me
• The Real Python Podcast

• Python Developer Tooling Handbook - Comprehensive guide to modern Python developer tools covering package management, linting, type checking, testing, and more.

Your contributions are always welcome! Please take a look at the contribution guidelines first.

If you have any question about this opinionated list, do not hesitate to contact @vinta on X (Twitter).