A portable C library for 3D navigation state estimation. Mail: jan.zwiener@h-da.de

In action, fusing IMU measurements with Galileo HAS-corrected GPS/GNSS inputs:

Test coverage of the core library (src/):

Worst-case stack usage in bytes, deepest call chain including KFCore and the C library, from static analysis (make stack):

Example video of pure inertial tracking with a TDK ICM-45686 low-cost Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)

INSLIB is a portable C library for 3D navigation state estimation. Its core is a set of Kalman filters fusing measurements from an inertial measurement unit (IMU) with GNSS/GPS measurements, barometer, magnetometer, local position references, absolute yaw references, scalar ground speed and zero-velocity / zero-rotation information.

Typical use cases:

• Drones (UAVs) and autonomous vehicles
• Robotics platforms
• Aerospace
• Cars
• Embedded systems requiring precise tracking
• Post-processing of recorded flights or driving data

The core library is written in pure C (C11), has no external dependencies and is optimized for embedded microcontrollers. A useful collection of Python helper programs and GUI apps are included in this repository.

• >90% Test Coverage including MC/DC testing (also used in aerospace DO-178 DAL-A or ISO26262 ASIL-D developments)
• Requirements traceability: code logic is linked to a machine-checked requirements database (make reqs), aerospace-style
• Battle tested heavily with real world data and edge cases
• Measurement delay compensation and estimation (e.g. GNSS/GPS receivers typically have more than 100-200 milliseconds of latency due to processing, internal filtering, UART transmission, etc.)
• Suited for UAVs: during a GNSS outage the filter keeps providing an inertial-fused altitude (via the parallel baro_alt vertical channel) and full attitude, not just raw IMU integration
• UAVs that only need roll/pitch, no yaw/heading, can skip the magnetometer entirely: the standalone AHRS_MODE_ARS mode (5-state, freely-integrated yaw) runs from IMU data alone
• Robust UDU/Bierman-Thornton Kalman Filter routines for numerically robust square-root filtering (effective precision for covariance is increased)
• Worst-Case-Execution Time (WCET) friendly: no unbounded loops, recursion, suitable for real-time control loops
• Bounded, known stack usage: static worst-case stack analysis of every public API function (make stack, built on GCC's -fcallgraph-info), gated against budgets and failing on recursion, variable length arrays or unresolved function pointer calls, so the stack of the task running the filter can be sized from a number instead of a guess
• Strong static code analysis tests (undefined behaviour sanitizer UBSan, ASan)
• Built-in light-weight World Magnetic Model (WMM) for magnetometer declination compensation
• No heap, no OS dependencies, portable code: runs on bare-metal embedded targets as well as on a desktop computer
• 32-bit float (IEEE 754) for most calculations (except for GNSS/GPS coordinates), no 64-bit double precision hardware floating point unit (FPU) required
• Calibration tools included to calibrate sensor bias, scale, and misalignment without expensive calibration hardware (Tedaldi et al., ICRA 2014)

inspostgui.py is a GUI to post-process measurements: open a dataset's config YAML (it sits next to the CSVs, a directory may hold several variants such as config.yaml and config_experimental.yaml), tweak its settings, and replay it.

sh python/setup_venv.sh               # one-time (also runs `make pylib`)
. env.sh                              # activate the venv (POSIX/git-bash, any OS)
python3 python/inspostgui.py datasets/fog

The input format is plain CSV, one file per sensor. First item is a common t_us timestamp in microseconds. IMU example:

# t_us, gyr_frd_x [rad/s], gyr_frd_y [rad/s], gyr_frd_z [rad/s], acc_frd_x [m/s^2], acc_frd_y [m/s^2], acc_frd_z [m/s^2]
0,-0.0016361766,-1.39143679e-08,-0.000272652038,-0.114920214,0.191539065,-9.84495283
50003,-0.0016361766,-1.39143679e-08,-0.000272652038,-0.114920214,0.191539065,-9.84495283
100005,-0.000272652038,-0.000272707696,0.000818123087,-0.0861961461,0.248990132,-9.7587816

GNSS/magnetometer/barometer/speed .csv files follow the same pattern. Example files:

• IMU example
• Barometer example
• GNSS example
• Magnetometer example
• Wheel speed (odometry) example

A dataset directory with CSV files contains one config.yaml that tells the filter how to run: aiding mode, sensor noise, lever arms, which channels are enabled. Two examples to start from: doc/example_conf/config_basic.yaml (GNSS+IMU+baro+mag) and doc/example_conf/config_local_inertial.yaml (GNSS-free, pure inertial dead-reckoning). The keys are documented in doc/INSLIB_manual.pdf, section "Dataset configuration: config.yaml".

replay.py is the command line version of the inspostgui.py Python GUI above.

sh python/setup_venv.sh               # one-time (also runs `make pylib`)
. env.sh                              # activate the venv (POSIX/git-bash, any OS)
python3 python/replay.py datasets/fog --plot --plot-out /tmp/plots.pdf

Example PDF plot output from replay.py:

Google Earth .kml output is also possible with --kml output.kml. Info: The Google Earth web version does not support track animations (yet?).

GNSS receivers report data with some latency (transmission, internal processing, filtering) but receiver and configuration dependent. inspostgui.py and replay.py measure the real value for a specific configuration: IMU + barometric altitude has near-zero latency, cross-correlating its vertical velocity against the GNSS-reported vertical velocity around a real climb/descent results in a lag with a sharp correlation peak (see the plot above).

Example for a u-blox X20P receiver delay estimation:

python3 python/replay.py datasets/pedestrian/07_outdoor_only/ --estimate-gnss-delay

insrcv listens for UDP packets with sensor measurements. The packet format is documented in tools/inslib_protocol.md. Any process that sends this protocol format can feed it on UDP port 29800 (default). Output goes to PlotJuggler (UDP :9870, JSON) and optionally in MAVLink format (UDP :14550).

make insrcv
./build/insrcv --mavlink   # run and wait for UDP sensor input

• tutorial/c_tutorial.md: use the library from C/C++: a full example
• tutorial/python_tutorial.md: the filter from Python in a few lines, including installation
• doc/INSLIB_manual.pdf: documentation, including filter design and math background

• Galileo High Accuracy Service (HAS) support from e.g. u-blox X20-series for <10 cm horizontal accuracy (1-sigma) without a correction service (requires compatible antenna)
• u-blox SPARTN/PointPerfect Flex (commercial) correction stream supported for 3-6 cm accuracy and convergence in seconds (source: u-blox)
• RTK via NTRIP RTCM corrections for 1 cm accuracy, from your own GNSS base station, a virtual base station, or a regional service such as SAPOS

• Inertial Measurement Units (IMU): Accelerometer, Gyroscope
• GNSS/GPS Receivers (e.g. u-blox X20, F9P, etc.)
• GNSS Dual Antenna Compass Systems
• Magnetometers
• Barometers
• Local motion capture systems (mocap, like Lighthouse)
• OBDII Odometry Reader
• Virtual zero velocity (ZUPT), zero rotation rate (ZARU) sensors

• UAV data: Crazyflie 2.1 Brushless UAV with accurate ground truth from Lighthouse mocap system
• Rotorcraft: MEMS vs. FOG (Fiber Optic Gyro reference) INS comparision while airborne in a rotorcraft
• Car: data with e.g. GNSS outages from a road tunnel or degraded satellite visibility in urban canyons
• Car with wheel speed: a road tunnel GNSS outage bridged with OBD2 odometry
• Pedestrian: Handheld walking trials
• ArduPilot: comparison with ArduPilot EKF3 solution from the same measurements
• kfgins: comparison with navigation solution library from Wuhan University (i2Nav group)
• Paul Groves book: comparison with solution from Paul Groves book MATLAB example code
• MATLAB Navigation Toolbox: comparison with solution from MATLAB's Navigation Toolbox

(Not all datasets have an absolute ground truth available, e.g. the ArduPilot dataset is comparing the INSLIB solution with the ArduPilot solution)

This repository uses the KFCore git submodule. Clone it recursively:

git clone --recursive <repo-url>

If you already cloned without --recursive, fetch the submodule with:

git submodule update --init --recursive

The core C library only needs a C11 compiler and make (see Quickstart above). The Python bindings, plotting and reference-board tools additionally need a virtual environment:

sh python/setup_venv.sh      # one-time (Windows: python\setup_venv.bat)
. env.sh                     # activate the venv (POSIX/git-bash, any OS)

make check-all (see coding_style.md) additionally wants clang-format, cppcheck, clang-tidy, lcov and doxygen. Their exact versions matter for make format-check in particular; on a non-Ubuntu-22.04 machine, run scripts/fetch_ci_clang_format.sh once to match CI bit-for-bit.

📂 inslib/
├── Makefile              # Build: make test, make insrcv, ...
├── src/                  # Core library (.c/.h), no heap, no OS dependencies
│   └── nav_suite.h       # Main header: INS + AHRS + baro_alt wrapper
├── KFCore/               # Submodule: linear algebra, UDU/Bierman-Thornton filter
├── tests/                # Unit/integration tests
├── datasets/             # Real-world + simulated replay datasets
├── tools/                # C/Python reference board tools: calibration, GUI
├── python/               # Python bindings, plotting, replay harness
├── magneticmodel/        # WMM lookup table
├── doc/                  # Documentation, Doxygen, images
└── tutorial/             # Minimal C + Python usage examples

All tools (tools/) speak an open (UBX-based) protocol, documented in tools/inslib_protocol.md.

The reference board is a low-cost and ready-to-use development module (IMU, u-blox GNSS receiver, magnetometer, barometer) for running INSLIB on real hardware with pre-calibrated sensors. It implements the protocol above and is ready to use out of the box. Its firmware itself is not public, get in touch if you're interested in a collaboration with my university institute or in getting a unit.

Building your own sensor suite is also possible, an example conf (mid 2026 sensor landscape):

IMU/Magnetometer-Calibration + Housing-Alignment, user-friendly GUI for the reference board. The GUI allows an easy calibration of the sensor hardware for bias, scale and misalignment without the need for an expensive calibration environment like robotic arms, except for a controlled temperature environment. The sensor must be placed still for a few seconds in a variety of different orientations on a stable surface:

Live-Control center for reference INS board

• inslib_hub.py Stream, forward and log input data from reference board
• inslib_convert_ubx_to_csv.py Convert reference board to .csv files
• inslib_imu_calib.py Command line IMU-calibration tool (live, or offline from any IMU's .csv log with --csv)
• inslib_cfg.py Reference board config read/write
• inslib_clock_error.py Estimate MCU-clock error from reference board .csv log
• inslib_obd_speed.py Stream car velocity from OBD-II dongle

IMU sensor processing is unforgiving: it is not enough to get one thing right, the whole chain (timestamps, axis conventions, calibration, filtering, etc.) has to line up properly. A list of common mistakes:

• Magnetometer not calibrated (the classic). Uncorrected hard-/soft-iron bias means wrong yaw, use the calibration GUI or the command line tool inslib_imu_calib.py with .csv data.
• IMU calibrated on a magnetic surface: the calibration GUI fits the magnetometer from the same session of static poses as the IMU, not a separate one. A metal-legged table, or nearby gadgets/laptop biases the field it reads - a genuinely non-magnetic and stable calibration environment is harder to find than it sounds. For a UAV this does not apply: calibrate the magnetometer already mounted in the airframe, at its final position.
• Accelerometer/gyroscope PSD and bias random walk not measured on the target sensor and environment (classic as well): either not measured at all (random defaults), or measured in a non-representative setting (e.g. an office room, without the real vibration/thermal environment) - both make the filter over- or under-confident in the IMU.
• GNSS reception too poor INSLIB expects good GNSS data. Indoors or under heavy multipath, the library auto-init will reject the GNSS data. A high-quality GNSS receiver with a matching high-quality antenna is a must.
• GNSS receiver not configured There are countless ways to misconfigure a GNSS receiver. A working configuration for u-blox F9P and X20 receivers can be found here (F9P) and here (X20).
• Timestamps not synchronized or not monotonic every sensor needs to be aligned to a single monotonic timebase (t_us). Clock issues break the library.
• GNSS antenna lever arm not set: the offset between IMU and GNSS antenna (gnss: leverarm_frd) has an impact on position and attitude, especially during dynamic turns.
• IMU and magnetometer axes not in the same body frame: INSLIB expects one consistent FRD body frame for every sensor (see coding_style.md), mismatched coordinate frames will produce nonsense outputs.
• GNSS latency not measured: a guessed gnss: delay_ms biases position during dynamic motion, see GNSS Latency Estimation.
• Unexpected height source with GNSS + barometer: with both connected, the filter prefers the barometer for height by default (it keeps working through a GNSS outage). Set baro_height_disable: 1 in config.yaml to force GNSS/local-position height instead.
• No anti-aliasing/low-pass filtering on a vibrating IMU: rotor or engine vibration aliases into the accelerometer/gyroscope band and breaks the noise model and introduce ghost accelerations. Must be filtered out before the data reaches INSLIB.
• Sensor data over-filtered: heavy internal/firmware smoothing adds its own latency.
• IMU not calibrated over its operating temperature range: bias/scale drift with temperature directly leaks into the solution. Generally the sensor should be in a temperature stable environment.
• Weak sensors: not every low-cost sensor is good enough.
• Insufficient motion excitation for yaw observability without turns (or magnetometer/GNSS-compass aiding), heading might not be reliable.

• The core library (src/) and the KFCore library is designed and written by a human with 20 years of experience in this field
• This README.md is written by a human
• The realworld datasets are collected, analyzed and tested by a human
• The code is extended and improved by Claude Opus and Sonnet, doxygen comments are improved and added
• Code and comments written by Claude are reviewed by a human (no auto-commit)
• insrcv is largely written by Claude
• Unit tests, the build system and the Python GUI tools are basically written 100% by Claude
• Every commit is reviewed by a human

• J. Wendel, Integrierte Navigationssysteme: Sensordatenfusion, GPS und Inertiale Navigation, 2nd ed., Oldenbourg, 2011.
• D. H. Titterton and J. L. Weston, Strapdown Inertial Navigation Technology, 2nd ed., IET, 2004.
• G. J. Bierman, Factorization Methods for Discrete Sequential Estimation, Academic Press, 1977.
• M. S. Grewal and A. P. Andrews, Kalman Filtering: Theory and Practice Using MATLAB, 4th ed., Wiley, 2015.
• G. Chang, "Robust Kalman filtering based on Mahalanobis distance as outlier judging criterion," Journal of Geodesy, vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 391-401, 2014.
• P. D. Groves, Principles of GNSS, Inertial, and Multisensor Integrated Navigation Systems, 2nd ed., Artech House, 2013.
• J. R. Carpenter and C. N. D'Souza, Navigation Filter Best Practices, NASA/TP-2018-219822, NF1676L-29886, 2018. PDF
• J. Zwiener, Robuste Zustandsschätzung zur Navigation und Regelung autonomer und bemannter Multikopter mit verteilten Sensoren, Schriftenreihe der Fachrichtung Geodäsie, Fachbereich Bau- und Umweltingenieurwissenschaften, Technische Universität Darmstadt, ISBN 978-3-935631-43-3, Heft 54, Darmstadt, 2019.

If you use INSLIB in academic work, please cite it (see CITATION.cff, also picked up by GitHub's "Cite this repository" button):

@software{zwiener_inslib,
  author = {Zwiener, Jan},
  title  = {{INSLIB: A Portable C Library for 3D Navigation State Estimation}},
  url    = {https://github.com/jnz/INSLIB},
  year   = {2026}
}